Effects Of The Civil War On The United States - 2477 Words

The United States of America following the Civil War was one that would be entrenched into the culture of the country for the remainder of its existence. While there are no survivors from the war or the time still living, we still see the effects of the war waning on the country. If not today, then definitely through the civil rights movement, but I digress. The Reconstruction Era in the United States followed the Civil War after the defeat of the Confederate States of America by the United States of America, or what we mostly call the Union. This was a time of healing within our country, however, many didn’t see it that way. Freed African American slaves were those most affected by this Union victory. While they were free within the terms of the law, they still weren’t able to do the things that some hoped. Southern whites caused much of the trouble for the freed slaves, as we’ll discuss later, they felt this was a way for the northerners to ‘rub it in’ the faces of those formers slave holders. Race was big deal in the South following the Civil War, ranging from Texas all the way over to Virginia. What we’ll be focusing on are the conflicting ideals of the freed slaves and the Southern whites within East Texas and Northwestern Louisiana. Racial ties following the Civil War caused a troubling and crime ridden environment for the freed African American slaves in East Texas and Northwestern Louisiana. Mentioning of the Freedman’s Bureau’s role within the years following theShow MoreRelatedCivil War And Its Effects On The United States1347 Words   |  6 Pagesconfederate generals, 21 year old Dylann Roof wore a Rhodesian badge, as he shot nine african americans in the Emanuel Church in hope of â€Å"igniting a civil war†. (Jessica Glenza; The guardian) Previously that year Roof, had been arrested and banned from a public mall, in march for a drug charge and in April for trespassing. In his case file it states that he was found in possession of narcotics to treat his drug addiction. It was also noted that he had an obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, despiteRead MoreEssay on The Effects of the Civil War on the United States574 Words   |  3 PagesCivil War Research Paper ​The effects of the Civil War brought about changes in the United States. The country had to answer the question: To what level of moral and ethical conduct do we want Americans to be held? Loyalties were seriously evaluated. People had to decide if they held their loyalty to the country as a whole, their state, their families, or even to humanity as a whole. They had to decide if it was right to own another person, or if the slavery system was justified as a way to keepRead MoreA Brief Note On Civil War And Its Effects On The United States1602 Words   |  7 Pages Civil War Civil War is defined as a war between citizens of the same country. Why would America have this fight? The Northern states of America decided that they would no longer tolerate the Southern states treating African Americans as slaves because of the color of their skin. When disputes were brought up over this issue between the North and South, the South was too persistent to have slaves. They worried that the North would be successful in abolishing slavery, so in result, the South wentRead MoreCivil War1284 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿American Civil War Milan Patel The journal paper discusses the problems faced by Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis that contributed to civil war in their respective states. It analyses the contribution of each person in the American civil war. The achievements of both commanders will also be discussed together with their weaknesses. Introduction A civil war involves the conflict between different groups in the same state. The main objectives of the civil war are the intention of one group toRead MoreWhat Caused The American Civil War1634 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Civil War from 1861 to 1865? There has been several different debates and disputes about the causes of the American Civil War. Historians have stated slavery was the primary cause of the American Civil War, while other historians have argued there were other causes and effects in conjunction with slavery. Research has shown all historians did agree upon the division between the North, known as the Union, and the South, known as the Confederacy, battled on the soil of the United States of AmericaRead MoreThe American Civil War, Wars, And Rumors Of Wars1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War Wars, Wars and rumors of wars!!!! Everyone knows the United States has had its fair share of wars. Let me start by giving you a brief list of wars the United States has participated in according to Wikipedia. Both â€Å"Barbary Wars (1801-1805, 1815-1816), Wars of 1812, Mexican-American War (1846-48), American Civil War (1861-65), Indian War (1865-91), Spanish-American War( 1898), Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Border War(Mexican Revolutionary)1910-1919, World War I (1917-18)Read MoreThe Great American Civil War1204 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat American Civil War changed and shaped America back in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but little do we know it still has a lasting effect on us today. The Civil War was so devastating back in the 1860s that it helped to develop many new technologies, ideals, and culture. Some of the effects still hang on around us today, and may even influence your everyday life without you even knowing it. On December 20, 1860 the state of South Carolina seceded from the Union, United States of America, toRead MoreThe War Between The United States944 Words   |  4 Pagesto the War Between the States The Road of the United States in becoming a truly united nation has not been a path without turmoil. Many lives were laid down to form the structure of this country and fought for its right to freedom. One of the bloodiest conflicts in the United States’ history was the war between states or more commonly referred as the Civil War. This war leads to much unnecessary violence ridden battles that were precluded by many cases. The Civil War had many profound effects on howRead MoreThe Road Of The United States937 Words   |  4 PagesRoad of the United States in becoming a truly united nation has not been a path without turmoil. Many lives were laid down to form the structure of this country and fought for its right to freedom. One of the bloodiest conflicts in the United States’ history was the war between states or more commonly referred as the Civil War. This war leads to much unnecessary violence ridden battles that were preluded by many causes. The Civil War had many profound effects on how the United States ran as a countryRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1706 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.† In the 1800s, the American nation was slowly becoming a house divided against itself. The United States were no longer united, mainly over the issue of slavery. In fact, many historians believe that, â€Å"From the nation’s founding, the issue of slavery threatened to tear the United States apart.† (â€Å"The Civil War† 1). The issue of slavery was always kept at bay through the utilization of various compromises; however a permanent solution was never sought

Woman Hollering Creek Dreams and Reality Essay - 775 Words

â€Å"Such a funny name for a creek so pretty and full of happily ever after† (Cisneros,1991, p.248).The story â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek by Sandra Cisneros described the lives of Mexicans in a Chicago neighborhood. She depicts the life that women endure as Latino wives through her portrayal of the protagonist—Cleofilas. Cisneros, a Mexican-American, has given Cisneros a chance to see life from two different cultures. Cisneros wrote the story from a woman’s perspective, demonstrating the types of conflicts many women face as Latino wives. At the beginning of the story, the protagonist, Cleofilas, had an illusion that all romance is like the ones she had seen on television. However, she soon realizes that her relationship with Juan Pedro was†¦show more content†¦However, as the story progresses, Cleofilas starts to endure her husband’s abuse. The first time Juan Pedro hits her, she is too surprised to even shed a tear or try to defend herself. Cisneros wanted to address domestic violence because many women feel helpless when they are in controlling and abusive circumstances. Moreover, a controlling and abusive relationship causes a great deal of tension and unhappiness, which Cleofilas experiences throughout the story. Cleofilas feels that she could not do much, but becomes hopeful about her situation. For instance, Cleofilas has to remind herself why she loves her husband when she is changing the baby’s Pampers, or when she is mopping the bathroom floor, etc. (Cisneros,1991, p.249). Cisneros emphasizes that many women who are controlled and abused often feel that they need to remind themselves why they married their husbands. Cisneros points out that when you love someone you should not have to ask yourself why, or worry so much about getting hurt. Another important issue that Cisneros addresses is gender roles in the Latino community. In Mexico, being born a male is of higher prestige and value than being born female (Pigeon, J). Therefore, women are raised to become wives a role in which she must obey her husband, since he is the head of the family. Cisneros demonstrates this assumption throughout the story by showing the way CleofilasShow MoreRelatedEssay on Woman Hollering Creek - Dreams vs. Reality826 Words   |  4 PagesThe story â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek by Sandra Cisneros describes the lives of Mexicans in a Chicago neighborhood. She depicts the life that women endure as Latino wives through her portrayal of the protagonist, Cleofilas. For Cisneros being a Mexican-American has given her a chance to see life from two different cultures. In addition, Cisneros has written the story from a woman’s perspective, illustrating the types of conflicts many women face as Latino wives. This unique paradigm allows the re aderRead MoreBlack Cultures And Subcultures Within The United States1091 Words   |  5 Pagesblack cultures and subcultures within the United States. Cisneros and Walker make the same poignant statement about the strains of cultural assimilation, with reconciliation of split identities as the goal, in their respective works, 1991’s â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† and 1973’s â€Å"Everyday Use,† yet their unique ethnic perspectives allow them to make it in surprisingly different ways. Cisneros’ family bounced back and forth between Mexico and the United States for most of her youth, which led to firsthandRead MoreWomen Hollering Creek Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesWaiting for Freedom In the story Woman Hollering Creek Sandra Cisneros discusses the issues of living life as a married woman through a character named Cleofilas; a character who is married to a man who abuses her physically and mentally .Cisneros reveals the way the culture puts a difference between a male and a female, men above women. Cisneros has been famous about writing stories about the latino culture and how women are treated; she explain what they go through as a child, teen and whenRead MoreRepresentation of Women by Four Authors Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesof people who have recently acquired wealth who were trying to come into contact with rich aristocracies. The novella compares the rigid social laws of Europe and the independent, eccentric spirit of a young American woman. Daisy Miller has been considered as a typical American woman. James used this story to deliver a message of how society views an individual who has just come from somewhere else using the traditions of their existing society, and how individuals perceive that person as well. Read MoreAn Analysis of Theodore Roethkes My Papas Waltz3287 Words   |  13 Pagesfather directly, whereas the first two stanzas told the story in the third person. However, there are certain elements that clarify the intent of the subject matter, not to describe or address a father who was abusive, but rather to describe the realities of life at the time. In Stanza 3, for example, it is important to note that it was the fathers knuckle was battered. In Stanza 4, he did not beat the boy himself, but rather kept time on his head with his palm. The palm that was caked by dirt couldRead MoreMarriage Is Beautiful, And Happy Thing897 Words   |  4 Pages Truth Hurts In reality we all believe that marriage is beautiful, and happy thing. We see on television all the time, how happy these marriages are. In reality not everything is at always as it seems, I guess you can say everything is not what it seems behind the curtain. Marriage is supposed to be about, love, and being there for one another. People need to see that everything always isn t, always rainbows, and sunshine. People need to realize, that you need to work through things, and notRead MoreEssay on The House on Mango Street and the Style of Sandra Cisneros1669 Words   |  7 Pagesyour residence. Esperanza overcomes her condition by creating the realm of literature, rather than the physical reality of another house in another time and place. In this way, she is able to distance herself from her community and family. But all the while, still holding on to her heritage and ethnicity. By affirming her own artistic ability, Esperanza is able to blend all of her dreams. Because of this we come to understand that one can achieve self-discovery and even independence through somethingRead MoreThe Three Archetypal Roles for Women in Mexican and Chicana Cultures2095 Words   |  9 Pages In several cultures, women are seen as archetypes more than men. The proposition of women are instantly idealized and glorified and instantaneously ignore the true complexity of a woman. Countless of these superficial images can be seen across various cultures where the societies within these cultures define what it means to be a female and what type of behavior is and isn’t acceptable within those parameters. The persistent restatement of these stories throughout these generations reinforces theRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pagesfocus of most stories had been on the plot. Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most important early writers in the shaping of the modern short story. His pieces probed character and the moral significance of events, leaving their physical reality ambiguous. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† (1846), for example, the dark meetings in the woods of the Salem townspeople are less important than the spiritual changes in Brown himself. In his 1842 review of Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales (1837), Edgar AllanRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesâ€Å"invisible hand,† are being tested and reworked for the first time in more than 200 years. The traditional basic premise of volume production, which has driven manufacturing for decades—primarily economies of scale—is being challenged by today’s reality. Continuing with the example of software, once a successful software development has been created, the cost of volume production is almost nothing , and a company can maintain its market dominance until it is challenged not by economies of scale but

The Importance Of A Healthy Life - 1400 Words

A healthy life is important and deserving to every human living on this planet. Regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, social status, sexual orientation, family background, etc., every human on this planet deserves the right to feel good, be healthy and happy. Being healthy means different things to different people. It could mean traveling, spending time outdoors, it could mean not being sick, not taking medications, enjoying luxuries like massages, spa time, it could be exercise such as yoga, Pilates, running; but whatever being healthy means to you, it is feasible no matter your budget, time constraints or basic lack of knowledge to gain the skills to become the best version of yourself you want to become. To us, being healthy means†¦show more content†¦I grew up playing every sport, hiking, swimming, mountain climbing, etc., so I never understood the â€Å"lazy† attitude until I began working as a Paramedic in Stockton 6 years ago. I didn’t understand why people would â€Å"allow themselves† to become obese and have multiple hea lth problems. I blamed it on laziness not knowing any better. I became a Paramedic because I thought I could save the world and help everyone in it. Little did I know, I was taught SO MUCH more than I have had the ability to pass on to others. I began speaking with people who were sick. I said often â€Å"but your too young to have†¦.† whatever ailment was troubling them. I began asking questions. â€Å"How did you get here†, â€Å"what do you think about your lifestyle allowed this to happen†? Sometimes the answer began with some form of abuse or neglect as a child, sometimes it was the thought that it is too expensive to eat well, and sometimes, more often than not it was a complete lack of knowledge that there was any other way to live. Lifestyles are passed down from generation to generation. Most of these communities had never left their 5-block radius, let alone the highway 5/99 bubble. One of my favorite Professors (Renee Spruce-Veatach) said to our class during one of many heated debates about this exact issue, â€Å"You don’t know what you don’t know, if you don’t know you know it.† This sentence gave me the awareness I needed to understand where manyShow MoreRelatedhealthy food and its importance1077 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Healthy Eating and Its Importance â€Å"To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art† Francois de La Rochefoucauld (1613 - 1680). Eating is necessary in order to live; but to eat with knowledge is a talent in it self. Unhealthy eating is one of the fastest growing health risks today. Obesity is a contributing factor... Premium2359  Words10  Pages The Perception of Healthy Food at Universiti Kuala Lumpur Pasir Gudang Title: Perception’s of healthy food among UniKL MITEC community ChapterRead MoreThe Importance Of Eating Healthy960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Eating Healthy Eating healthy is imperative for your life. A healthy diet is the key to being fit. It is unlike any other regimen. You will feel so pure, balanced, and alert. A solid regimen even prevents some health issues. You will love your body and your body will love you if you begin healthy eating habits. There are significant reasons why eating healthy is vital to your health. Maintaining healthy eating habits does so much for your body. Eating healthy can prevent and controlRead MoreNutritional Survival For Diabetics : The Center For Disease And Prevention1308 Words   |  6 Pages(Edelman, p.256). There are many issues health issues associated with diabetes. The purpose of this journal is to conduct research of the leading healthy indicator nutrition, physical activity and obesity targeting the importance of nutritional aspects for the prevention and maintenance of diabetes. The importance of health proportion; relating to Healthy People 2020 goals, and education of nutritional diabetic plans are important aspects relating to diabetes. Introduction about Diabetes Many individualsRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 Pagescontinue to increase each year. In this study, people will find healthy tips to prevent childhood overweight or obesity to help children in our communities. Child’s obesity can make kids in our communities at high risk for diseases like heart problems, asthma, type 2 diabetes. Genetic, behavioral and environmental factors are a cause of obesity on children in the United States. Parents and children need to understand the importance of good nutrition and daily exercising. Because child’s obesityRead MoreWhat A Student Athlete Should Represent.wrestling Creates Healthy Lifestyle919 Words   |  4 Pagespractices to heavy studying at home. Wrestlers are the true meaning of what a student athlete should represent.Wrestling creates healthy lifestyle because it teaches healthy nutrition of an athlete, moral characteristics of a model citizen, and the importance of conditioning. Wrestling is a sport that influences young men and women to take strives for a beneficial life, that includes extreme discipline. The discipline’s of handling academics in school, then right after school go to an intense practiceRead MoreHealth Of Health And Human Services1443 Words   |  6 Pages Healthy People 2020 Promise Ukachu Standard College of Nursing Nursing 400 Community Health Dr Amara August 31, 2015 Overview: Healthy People The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services isRead MoreEssay on My Teaching Philosophy594 Words   |  3 Pagesa difference in children’s lives. I want to become a Physical Education teacher, to teach children the importance of being physically fit and physically active. In edition to teaching the importance of being and staying healthy, I want to give the younger generation the opportunity to play sports. Through playing sports a child may feel a since of purpose or importance. This may deter a life of crime or a drug-abuse. Through being a teacher I want to be a good example for my students. Most childrenRead MoreTeaching Your Kids about the Importance of Hard Work In the current world people tend to think1400 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Your Kids about the Importance of Hard Work In the current world people tend to think that hard work is a punishment and that success is a matter of chance and luck. But hard work is solely the amount of time spent working on a goal, strength put in the work, and determination of being optimistic to achieve success or a good end result. Teaching young children about the importance of hard work is a valuable gift any parent, teacher or mentor can offer to them. Here are some of the importantRead MoreObesity : A Major Contributory Factor For Obesity823 Words   |  4 Pages 1.1. Health behaviour and obesity Obesity is a health condition which can be prevented by promoting healthy behaviors (WHO, 2003). Obesity involves a multifaceted connections between genetic and hormonal factors and social and environmental influences. For an instance sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy dietary patterns and socioeconomic status are factors which promote obesity and overweight. Evolution of nutrition as a result of urbanization is a major contributory factor for the obesity epidemicRead MoreEating Together, By Barbara Fiese And Marlene Sehwartz967 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s life? Sharing meals as a family is the most influential activity that can prevent the weakening of societies. Indeed, the successful family is the core that builds stronger societies. Everyone needs to eat. Barbara Fiese and Marlene Sehwartz illustrate that â€Å"Shared mealtimes are an immensely symbolic event, not only for specific families, but as a barometer of community health† (â€Å"Reclaiming the familyâ₠¬ ). However, it is not easy for many families to eat together due to the pace of life. It is

Assisted Suicide And The Medical Field Essay - 2632 Words

When it comes to the topic of people dying, it is generally a hard to get people to discuss. It is something that does not come easy for people to talk about. No one wants to talk about a life after they die. Assisted suicide or Physicians aid-in dying (PAD) use to be something that you hear about every now and then but is starting to become more commonly discussed not only in the medical field but in general. It is starting to come to people s attention because to some it is viewed as immoral while to other people see it fit for people who are suffering from horrible diseases who are dying. Physician aid-in-dying (PAD) refers to a practice in which a physician provides a competent, terminally ill patient with a prescription for a lethal dose of medication, upon the patient s request, which the patient intends to use to end his or her own life (Braddock). Assisted suicide has been outlawed in a most states through popular vote. It is only legal in a few states though. When a patient has been in the hospital and there is no way for them to possibly be cured they sometimes begin to become depressed and its not hard for doctors to notice a change in their patients. Some people refer to these individuals as terminally ill and not able to make decisions on their own. When some patients are sick they truly believe that ending their own life would make things so much simpler for everyone around them. Of course their family does not want them to die, but it can be a lot of hardShow MoreRelatedThe Medical And Legal Fields About Assisted Suicide1667 Words   |  7 PagesComp. 1 10 November 2015 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of a Means to an End There are a multitude of interpretations within both the medical and legal fields about assisted suicide. The benefits of assisted suicide for a terminally ill individual are notably momentous. However, the argument is not extricated from opposition concerned with the obligations of the medical community. It is paramount to have an even-handed perception of the issue and present each side but recognize that the rights ofRead MoreThe Concept Of Physician Assisted Suicide1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of physician assisted suicide is a very divisive issue in modern times. The fact that modern medicine can prolong life has been seen throughout recent generations, but now that lives have been extended for so long some people would like to use modern medicines to put an end to their own lives prematurely. There are many strong opinions about this issue on either side of the argument, but it seems that those who oppose the practice are doing so without allowing themselves to see the fullRead MoreThe Debate Surrounding Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is the practice in which a doctor prescribes a terminally ill patient with a lethal medication as a form of active, voluntary euthanasia. These patients, rather than suffer slowly and painfully, often request this procedure as a means of experiencing a more â€Å"dignified† death. The debate surrounding this issue is a heated one, especially among the general public whose attitudes are deeply influenced by the level of patient pain and discomfort (Frileux et al. 334). At theRead MoreEssay about Arguments against Physician-assisted suicide1173 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own life decisions. This freedom includes all aspects of one’s life, including medical care. With freedom comes responsibility, and this is true in terms of physician-assisted suicide. The ongoing struggle between those in favor and those opposed to this subject has ravaged the medical field, bringing into question what is morally and ethically right. The fact of the matter is that physician-assisted suicide is neither morally nor ethically acceptable under any circumstance. Not only is it aRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide976 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Paper With an advancing medical field, new technology allows doctors to do almost the impossible. Automatic genetic analysis, restoration of eyesight, and robotic limbs remain as some of the most cutting edge innovative technology in the medical field. Society witnesses the creation of even more medical breakthroughs, however, the application of new found research enhances and prolongs the quality of life for humans. A growing elderly population prompts the progression of superior palliativeRead MoreThe Hippocratic Oath Of Medical Ethics Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch. For example, the Hippocratic oath is an oath embodying a code of medical ethics usually taken by those about to begin medical practice† (Merriam-Webster). Hippocrates lived around 400 BC and is universally considered the father of medicine. Those going into medical practice have repeated the principles he laid out in his oath for centuries. These principles set the expectation and standards for anyone in the medical field. Additionally, the oath clearly asserts, â€Å"I will neither give a deadlyRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide, When Is It Acceptable?1709 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-Assisted Suicide, When is it acceptable? Assisted suicide had raised issues of great importance in the society particularly the most controversial of all, the physician assisted suicide in the health care field. Since Oregon and other states implemented the legalization of physician assisted suicide, the debates continues. The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1997 and the Pain Relief Promotion Act of 2000 (H.R. 5544) have kept these topics on the policy of the national agenda, along withRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Act Of Killing Someone1284 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is the act of killing someone that is very sick or injured in to prevent a painful suffering in life. One type of euthanasia is physician-assisted suicide, which is the use of a particular medicine given to a patient by a doctor to cause a peaceful death. This a very controversial topic when it comes to the subject of terminal or severe illnesses such as cancer and dementia. Brittany Maynard is a well-known example of person who took her own live under Ore gon’s aid-in-dying law due toRead MoreThe Infamous Story Of Dr. Jack Kevorkian1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe infamous story of Dr. Jack Kevorkian is a unique one. Professor Hengameh M. Hosseini wrote how he was a doctor and was one of the first notable physicians to aid in suicide for his patients that wanted it. In 1989 Kevorkian aided in Janet Adkins suicide, his first patient to do so. After many years of helping his patients in this way, Kevorkian got in trouble in 1998 when he got caught administering a lethal injection to Thomas York, a patient who was suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease and wantedRead MoreEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1250 Words   |  5 Pagesattitude towards physician-assisted suicide compared to individual who are conservative (Bulmer, et al. 2017, Choi 2013, Gielen, van den Branden, and Broeckaert 2009, and Jacoby 2010). This is due their attitude that government should take action in order for all citizens to achieve national uniformity (MacLean, 2006). This belief can be applied to legislation surrounding physician-assisted suicide. Liberals may have a more positive attitude regarding physician-assisted suicide due their belief in government

Waste defined as unwanted matter Free Essays

Chapter – 1 1.0 Introduction Waste is defined as unwanted affair or stuff of any type, frequently that which is left after the utile substances or parts have been removed. It can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or contained gaseous stuff ensuing from either human or carnal activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Waste defined as unwanted matter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on the above definition, we can state that since the beginning of life on Earth, world has been bring forthing waste runing from castanetss and other parts of animate beings which they slaughter for their nutrient, to the wood they cut to do their carts. However, with the advancement of civilisation and the promotion of engineering, the waste generated has become more complex in nature and even more varied in footings of its components, doing it more complicated to be controlled and managed decently. Furthermore, it is deserving observing that, today, most of the states in the universe have witnessed a crisp population growing which resulted in the rapid enlargement of urban countries, taking to significant rise in the figure of consumers. This phenomenon is in itself mostly responsible for the addition in the sum of waste generated daily. Waste is finally thrown into municipal waste aggregation centres where the direction and disposal is done. Yet, if done improperly, it can do serious impacts on wellness every bit good as jobs to the environment. For case, if non decently disposed of, waste could on the one manus spread infective and chronic diseases, and on the other manus could take to chemical toxic condition and radioactive jeopardies, that could, at times, be lifelessly. Added to that, improperly managed waste can do H2O, Earth and air pollution, which finally affect people ‘s wellness and put on the line their lives. So bearing in head the antecedently mentioned factors, authoritiess all over the universe have to plan proper and efficient methods of waste disposal that better guarantee the safety of its people and cut down the effects of waste jeopardies on persons and the environment wholly. Chapter- 2 2.0. Definition of solid waste Due to the momentous addition in waste that characterizes modern-day societies ; solid waste has become easy recognized than defined. However, solid waste has been defined by the New York Department of Environmental preservation as any refuse, garbage or sludge and other cast-off stuffs including solid, liquid, semi-solid or contained gaseous stuffs, ensuing from industrial, commercial and agricultural operations and from community activities. To get down with, specifying solid waste is of great importance to be able to separate and cover with different classs of waste successfully. Nevertheless, a careful and thorough cognition of the beginnings, types every bit good as the belongingss of solid waste is one of the basic demands needed for a proper and equal direction of solid waste. 2.1. Beginnings of solid waste The beginnings of solid waste vary from residential, to commercial, institutional, building and destruction, municipal, agricultural, industrial and risky beginnings, depending on the constituents and types of waste produced. 2.1.1. Residential beginnings The size of urban residential countries, made up of both individual and multifamily homes, low ; medium ; and high rise flats, have presents expanded in a manner that they now constitute a major cause of the coevals of big measures of solid waste. Besides, the changeless alteration in people ‘s life style, and nutrient wonts led to the rise of consumer societies which has finally contributed to the coevals of more solid waste. 2.1.2. Commercial Commercial countries fundamentally constitute of assorted edifices that offer services and installations to the consumers. The latter include section shops, eating houses, markets, offices edifices, hotels, motels, print stores, service Stationss, car fix stores, etc. The figure of the above mentioned edifices is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours as the figure of people in demand of these installations has been increasing dramatically. Consequently, the sum of waste produced by these constitutions has besides been lifting. Waste is besides more varied as it includes organic or combustible solid waste ( e.g nutrient, paper, cardboad ) , inorganic or non-combustible solid waste ( e.g glass, Sn tins, aluminium ) and particular waste ( e.g electronics, bulky points, white goods ) . 2.1.3. Institutional Institutional beginnings of solid waste are varied in footings of the constitutions involved in treating such type of waste and the type of waste produced. These include authorities centres, schools, prisons and infirmaries. Talking about infirmary waste, which constitutes of disposable instruments such as acerate leafs, panpipes, swabs, patchs etc, it is deserving adverting that this type of waste has an highly bad consequence on the environment. Acerate leaf to state, that it is besides extremely infective and can be a serious menace to human wellness. For this ground, it is strongly advised that medical wastes should be handled and processed individually from other waste. 2.1.4. Construction and Destruction The addition in universe population has been accompanied with an increasing demand for residential and non-residential edifices, that is to state single or commercial edifices. For this ground, more immense edifices are being constructed, others are being knocked down or demolished and other 1s are being repaired or remodeled. Besides, there is the municipalities ‘ route fix and redevelopment work which leaves behind hemorrhoids of waste in the destruction sites. The measure of such waste is hard to gauge and is ever unpredictable. 2.1.5. Municipal services Another of import beginning of solid waste is that which consequences from the operation and care of different municipal installations, including street cleansing, landscape gardening, catch basin cleansing, Parkss, beaches and other recreational countries. Because it is by and large impossible to foretell some of the constituents of this waste and its beginnings, it is frequently referred to as waste from non-specific diffuse beginnings, which can be contrasted to the specific waste from the residential beginnings which is recurrent. 2.1.6. Agricultural Waste that is generated in the agricultural field is in no manner less of import than the one which residential, commercial or institutional beginnings generate, although it is different in its type and constituents. The chief beginning of this type of residue is the inauspicious agricultural activities conducted in the field such as planting and harvest home of trees and harvests, animate being maintaining, the production of milk and the operation of feedlots. The disposal of such type of waste has n’t been the duty of most of the municipal waste direction bureaus. That is why the disposal of carnal manure has become a critical job for a big figure of states where agribusiness is a common activity. 2.1.7. Industrial waste No uncertainty, the old ages that followed the industrial revolution have witnessed great technological development which proved to be critical for the states ‘ economic systems. Light and heavy fabrication industries are now being developed, chemical and power workss are being set and fiction of new stuffs has been an ongoing procedure. However, this technological promotion goes manus in manus with the addition in the waste stuffs generated from all sectors including meat processing and rendition, wool scouring, mush and paper devising, fish processing, tining and confectionery sectors†¦ . Consequently, new and efficient ways of waste direction demand to be developed in order to run into the demands of the industrialised states. 2.1.8. Hazardous waste Hazardous waste is any type of waste that constitutes an at hand menace to homo ‘s and animate being ‘s lives. Besides, it is besides considered a major menace to the environment including workss and other life animals. Hazardous waste may incorporate toxic substances that are either caustic, extremely inflammable, or explosive, and respond when exposed to certain things like gases. This sort of waste is generated non merely in the industrial sector or in infirmaries but besides some family waste, like batteries, pigment Sns and old medical specialties can be categorized as risky. Unfortunately, some states do n’t hold proper disposal installations for these risky wastes which, at times, can be fatal. 2.2. Types of solid waste Solid waste could be divided into three chief types depending on the beginning of the waste generated. There is first the municipal waste, so the industrial and biomedical waste, and eventually the agricultural waste. 2.2.1. Municipal It includes wastes generated from residential, commercial, institutional, construction/demolition, and municipal services. These could be nutrient wastes, paper, plastics, glass, aluminium and other stuffs, composition board, consumer electronics, family risky waste, wood, steel, concrete, particular wastes, rubbish and street sweepings, etc. It is deserving observing that the municipality is in charge of the aggregation and disposal of such types of solid wastes. 2.2.2. Industrial and biomedical These are classified under the same type of waste because they consist of elements that are extremely and potentially unsafe and risky. Though biomedical waste differs from the industrial waste as it originates from biological beginnings, yet both of them should be decently managed to protect the general populace, specifically workers who are on a regular basis exposed to such waste as an occupational jeopardy. 2.2.3. Agricultural Spoiled nutrient wastes, carnal waste, rubbish and other agricultural wastes are types of solid wastes produced in the agricultural field. As I antecedently mentioned, the direction and disposal of such type of solid waste is, in most states, non the municipalities ‘ duty, which poses a serious job for them. 2.3. Properties of municipal solid waste 2.3.1. Physical belongingss When we talk about the physical belongingss of municipal solid waste, we should needfully advert the specific weight, wet content, atom size and size distribution, field capacity and the compacted porousness of waste. 2.3.1.1. Specific weight It is defined as ‘the weight of stuff per unit volume ‘ ( Integrated Solid Waste Management, George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen and Samuel A. Vigil, 1993 ) . It is measured in ( lb/ydA? ) and is needed in order to measure the entire mass and volume of waste that must be managed. However, specific weights of solid waste vary unusually with the geographic location, season, and length of clip in storage. ( Table 1.1 ) 2.3.1.2. Moisture content Moisture content of solid waste means the per centum of the wet weight of the stuff. It is expressed as follows: M= ( w – vitamin D ) 100 Meter: wet content ( % ) tungsten: initial weight of sample, ( pound ) d- weight of sample after drying at 105A °c, ( pound ) 2.3.1.3. Particle size and size distribution It is an of import consideration in the recovery of stuffs ( Figure 1.1 ) . It may be defined by the followers: Scandium: ( fifty + tungsten ) Scandium: size of the constituent cubic decimeter: length in millimeter tungsten: breadth in millimeter H: tallness in millimeter 2.2.1.4. Field capacity It is the entire sum of wet that can be retained in waste, which, finally, determines the formation of leachate in landfills, that is to state H2O in surplus of the field capacity. It varies in conformity with the grade of force per unit area and the province of decomposition of the waste. 2.2.1.5. Permeability of compacted waste It is used to mention to the hydraulic conduction of compacted or pressed wastes which governs the motion of liquids and gases in a landfill. 2.3.2. Chemical belongingss The chemical composing of the constituents of municipal solid waste helps measure the processing and recovery of waste. For case, the possibility of burning or firing waste depends really much on the chemical composing of waste. There are four chief belongingss that should be focused on if wastes are to be burned: proximate analysis, blending point of ash, ultimate analysis and the energy content of waste. 2.3.2.1. Proximate analysis It consists of finding the wet loss from waste when heated, the extra loss of weight at 950A °c, the fixed C and ash weight of residue after burning. 2.3.2.2. Blending point of ash It is needed to find the temperature at which the ash ensuing from the combustion of waste will organize a solid by merger. 2.3.2.3. Ultimate analysis It involves finding the per centum of C ( C ) , H ( H ) , O ( O ) , N ( N ) , S ( S ) and ash in waste ( Table 1.2 ) . Table 1.2: Typical informations on the ultimate analysis of the combustible constituents in the residential municipal solid waste 2.3.2.4. Energy content It can be determined utilizing a full graduated table boiler as a calorimeter, a research lab bomb calorimeter and by computation if the elemental composing is known. However, it can be said that the informations on the energy content of the organic constituents of municipal solid waste are based chiefly on the consequences of bomb calorimeter trials due to the trouble of pull stringsing a all-out boiler. 2.3.3. Biological belongingss About all the organic constituents in municipal solid waste can be converted to gases, which is the most of import biological feature. In add-on to this characteristic, there is the production of olfactory properties and the genteelness of flies. 2.3.3.1. Biodegradability of organic waste constituents Volatile solids content, which is determined by ignition at 550A °c, is frequently used as a step of biodegradability of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. ( Table 1.3 ) Table 1.3: Datas on the biodegradable fraction of selected organic waste constituents based on lignin content 2.3.3.2. Production of olfactory properties Olfactory properties develop when solid wastes are stored for a long clip. The latter develop from the decomposition of the readily analyzable organic constituents. This belongings is by and large accompanied by alteration in the colour of the organic waste to black. 2.3.3.3. Breeding of flies In warm clime fly genteelness should be an of import consideration. They can develop quickly in less than two hebdomads after the eggs are laid. For this ground the storage period of solid waste should be short particularly in hot conditions. Eggsdevelop 8-12 hours First phase of larval period 20 hours Second phase of larval period 24 hours Third phase of larval period 3 yearss Pupal phase 4-5 yearss Entire 9-11 yearss 2.4. Definition of solid waste direction Solid waste direction is a system for managing all the refuse generated by people populating in urban and rural countries. It consists of the aggregation, transit, processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of the waste stuffs produced by the assorted human activities. Waste direction is carried out in order to maintain metropoliss clean and to cut down the effects of waste on people ‘s wellness and the environment. But it is besides meant to retrieve resources from it. 2.5. Solid waste rhythm There are 5 chief stairss in the procedure of waste direction viz. analysis, aggregation, transit, recovery and recycling or disposal. These are summarized in the undermentioned figure 1.2. 2.5.1. Solid waste direction rhythm In order to develop an appropriate waste direction solution that meets the demands and demands of the dwellers of peculiar country, and the demands of worlds that keep altering over clip, it is decidedly required to analyze the waste to be managed. For case, the cognition of the volume or sum of waste produced helps make up one’s mind on the equipment required for such volume of waste to be disposed, a suited service agenda every bit good as the staff needed for the work. Furthermore, the cognition of waste watercourses that are normally disposed of is needed in order to plan and transport out suited direction process. So it could be said that the direction of solid waste is an ongoing procedure that starts long clip before the waste is produced. 2.5.2 Collection The 2nd measure in the waste direction rhythm is the aggregation of waste from bins which by and large differ in size and contents, and from disposal countries where wastes vary from family simple refuse to industrial Dumpsters which are filled by more complex wastes generated either by persons or companies. Waste at this degree could be separated or un-separated ( commingled ) . 2.5.3. Transportation system It follows the aggregation measure and consists of both transporting the collected wastes to the resource recovery centre and droping the contents of the aggregation vehicles in the centre where the waste is supposed to be processed. 2.5.4. Recovery Once unloaded in the processing installation, the waste is sorted into reclaimable and non-recyclable points, besides called general waste, as a readying for the following phase where the waste is really disposed of utilizing the needed method for each class ( reclaimable or non-recyclable stuffs ) . 2.5.5. Disposal and monitoring of solid waste Equally shortly as the waste is sorted and classified into different classs, the reclaimable waste is carried to a recycling installation, where it is processed in order to be reused. Whereas the non-recyclable waste is either sent to a composting or inceneration centre or disposed of at landfill. 2.6. Solid waste treatment/management 2.6.1. Land make fulling Land filling has ever been a common pattern in most states universe broad. It involves the monitoring of the incoming waste watercourse and burying it in big holes specifically designed for the intent. At this degree it should be acknowledged that a decently designed and well-managed land fill can be hygienic but besides a comparatively cheap method of disposal of waste stuffs. On the other manus, nevertheless, poorly-designed every bit good as poorly-managed landfills can make a figure of serious environmental effects that is why the procedure of land make fulling starts long clip before the dumping of waste in the landfills and does non stop at the degree of burying the waste. Municipalities and waste direction bureaus have to pay a great trade of attending to the closing of the land fill every bit good as its care after the closing. For case, harmonizing to George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen and Samuel A. Vigil a figure of elements have to be taken into consideration in order to guarantee that bing landfills do non impact people ‘s wellness and the environment negatively. To get down with, they believe that the ballad out and design of the landfill is of import, together with the operations and direction. The reactions happening in landfills, the direction of landfill gases and leachate should be taken into consideration. Harmonizing to them a typical layout of a landfill is presented in the figure1.3 taken from Integrated Solid Waste Management, Engineering Principles and Management Issues, 1993. The volume and type of waste disposed of in a landfill during one operation, which is referred to as cell, varies from one land fill to another. For this ground, we can sort land fills under three chief classs. First, the land fills that are designed for commingled municipal solid waste ( excepting industrial waste ) . The 2nd class of land fills includes waste that is cut into strips or shredded in order to be compacted to a tighter surface, therefore increasing its denseness. The 3rd type includes land fills for single waste components known as monofills. However, whatever waste is buried in land fills, a day-to-day screen consisting of dirt or other stuffs, such as compost, should be used so that it controls the blowing of the waste stuffs outside the land fill, the entry of rats and flies and besides the entry of H2O. These safeguards taken after the disposal of waste in a landfill aid guarantee that the latter does non impact public wellness and the environment. 2.6.1.1. Restrictions of land filling Since the development of this method of waste disposal at that place have been three chief issues related to set down filling. The first issue relates to the uncontrolled release of landfill gases that can make countries off-site, dispersed annoying olfactory properties and do potentially unsafe jobs. The 2nd job is related to the consequence that the uncontrolled discharge of landfill gases could hold on the ambiance. Added to that, is the job of the uncontrolled release of leachate which could make the land or surface H2O and contaminate it, doing a figure of diseases to the persons. For these assorted grounds, one of the chief concerns of waste direction bureaus should be to extinguish or at least cut down the impacts associated with this waste disposal method in order to maximise its benefits. 2.6.2. Recycling It is non a modern-day method as it started long clip back when resources were really scarce and people had fewer picks. However, with the industrial revolution recycling has taken a different and more complex form as the stuffs being processed presents differ from those of the yesteryear. This method consists of treating used stuffs into new merchandises in order to forestall the waste of some resources and cut down the negative effects other methods could hold. 2.6.2.1. Reclaimable stuffs To get down with, as I antecedently mentioned, waste stuffs could be divided into two chief classs: reclaimable and non-recyclable waste. The reclaimable waste, which is our chief concern, includes stuffs such as glass, paper, metal, plastic, fabrics, aluminium, lumber, concrete blocks, batteries, electronics and biodegradable waste. 2.6.2.2. Benefits of recycling To get down with, recycling has an economic benefit for persons every bit good as the community in general, though there has been some dissension about whether recycling is economically efficient or non. A survey conducted by the Technical University of Denmark found that in 83 % of instances, recycling is the most efficient method of waste disposal, but the sum of money that could be saved through recycling depends on the efficiency of the plan used to make it. It has been proved that recycling could be profitable if it replaces the traditional ways of waste disposal, if the landfill fees are high and of class depending on the sum of waste to be recycled. Furthermore, it is believed that recycling saves energy. For case, the Energy Information Administration states that â€Å"a paper factory uses 40 per centum less energy to do paper from recycled paper than it does to do paper from fresh lumber† . It besides argues that recycling aluminium saves 95 % of the energy required to do the same sum of aluminium from abrasion. Finally, recycling proved to hold enormous benefits on the environment. It reduces air pollution that could be caused by gases produced in incineration sites. Besides, it helps cut down the risky waste ‘s leaching from landfills. It besides controls the ingestion of natural resources which the universe hazards of running out within a figure of old ages. All I all recycling can be considered an efficient manner of prolonging the environment for the approaching coevalss. 2.6.3. Restrictions of recycling Compared to other waste disposal methods, recycling could be extremely good. Yet like other methods it has its defects and restrictions excessively. For illustration, it has been proved that nowadays waste is being recycled for fiscal addition regardless of the risky effects it could hold both on workers ‘ wellness or the environment, taking the recycling industry set up in China as an illustration. Furthermore, the profitableness of recycling is questioned because even developed states like the United States of America have trouble in happening markets for recycled points doing of marketing a serious issue for them. Added to that, the cost of reclaimable stuffs can at times exceed the cost of the natural stuffs. In add-on to the old statements, critics argue that in the procedure of recycling, it could take more energy to bring forth recycled merchandises than it does to dispose of them in traditional landfills or incineration sites. 2.6.3. Reduce and reuse The tendency of waste coevals is increasing in most states in the universe due to the crisp rise in the universe population, accompanied by the enlargement of urban countries. However, in order to halt this tendency of increasing sum of waste produced by each individual we should command the coevals of waste in the first topographic point. Waste bar, besides called â€Å"source reduction† , means that mills should plan and industry stuffs that cut down the sum of rubbish created and single people should buy and utilize stuffs that could be reused. Therefore manufactures every bit good as persons contribute to the procedure of cut downing the waste produced, which finally hold and hopefully avoid the costs of recycling, composting land filling and burning. Good illustrations of merchandises that could be reduced or reused are containers and packaging, newspapers, vesture and other goods like furniture, tyres, etc. 2.6.3.1. Benefits of decrease and reuse Reducing waste saves the natural resources and recycling stuffs to fabricate them deceases the coevals of waste dramatically as finally less material will necessitate to be disposed of. Furthermore, forestalling waste means economic nest eggs for communities and persons excessively. For case, if mills industry merchandises with less packaging, they will purchase less natural stuff. This means the lessening in the fabrication costs and the addition in the net income. Individual people could besides derive if they buy merchandises in majority, with less or reclaimable packaging. However, we should bear in head that reclaimable merchandises need to be more lasting, therefore necessitating more material. Besides, screening and fixing points for reuse takes clip and it could besides be money for concerns. Some points could besides be risky as they continue to be used. 2.6.4. Incineration This means the disposal of waste by burning it or change overing it into heat, gas, steam and ash. It is seen as practical method of disposing of certain risky waste stuffs such as biological medical waste. It is besides deserving adverting that it is a common method in states where land is scarce like Japan. 2.6.4.1. Restrictions of incineration Incineration is a controversial method because of the emanation of gaseous pollutants that accompany the procedure and which may hold serious environmental effects. 2.6.5. Composting It consists of break uping organic waste, such as nutrient, with micro-organisms in order to bring forth consumer merchandise or compost that varies in footings of its physical and chemical features depending on the nature of the get downing stuff. Harmonizing to George Tchobanoglus, Hilary Theisen and Samuel A. Vigil the composting operations consist of pre-processing of municipal solid waste, decomposition of the organic fraction of the waste and readying and selling of the concluding compost merchandise after it has been cured and stabilized. This procedure is summarized in the undermentioned figure 1.4 taken from their book Integrated Solid Waste Management, Engineering Principles and Management Issues,1993. This method allows the usage of the already available waste in a more productive manner and reduces the volume of wastes placed in landfills. However, there are issues associated with this method that should be analyzed and solved. These include the production of olfactory properties that accompany the procedure and the absence of fixed standards for suited or unvarying compost merchandise. 2.7. Solid waste direction in the Sultanate of Oman The sultanate of Oman has undergone dramatic alterations since the 1970 ‘s. Along with other states in the universe, it has witnessed an addition in the population characterized by the enlargement of the urban countries and the change in the life styles of its people. These alterations automatically affected the size, beginnings, and type of waste generated by single families or authorities establishments and industries. This means that the already available system of waste direction has become deficient to run into the demands of the lifting figure of people. Mahad bin Eissa Shammas, Director of the board of directors of environment personal businesss in the governorate of Dhofar says in a study for a web diary that â€Å"The addition in the population denseness, as a consequence of the uninterrupted urban enlargement, together with the betterment of life criterions, have increased the sum of generated solid waste all over the sultanate. Assorted processs were taken to construct the basic installations for solid waste disposal, but those stairss could non fit the velocity of development the universe has witnessed in this field.† For this ground the authorities has put a batch of accent in the demand to better waste direction methods to run into the both the demands of people and the environmental demands of a underdeveloped state. 2.7.1. Solid waste garbage dumps Burning waste is a common pattern in some locations in the sultanate, but throwing waste in garbage dumps is besides a widely used pattern. Mahad bin Eissa Shammas criticizes the available garbage dumps stating that healthful garbage dumps were introduced in the sultanate yet. Besides, there are no suited mechanisms to roll up and pack the waste in order to forestall internal burning. Furthermore, taking the location of the garbage dumps was non done on a scientific footing. That is why some garbage dumps are located on the same vale where otiose H2O is being drained, which makes the pollution of the land H2O an at hand job. Recycling on the other manus was introduced several old ages back, yet it has been limited to specific stuffs such as metals, fish and agricultural waste. To sum up we can state that the disposal of solid waste in the sultanate was non good managed due to the deficiency of consciousness among people in charge of the waste direction. However, a great trade of attending has late been paid to this job. So Torahs have been modernized and surveies have been conducted by the ministry of local municipalities and environment in cooperation with Muscat municipality in order to better waste direction methods. 2.7.2. Recycling procedure Director Mahad bin Eissa Shammas, says that the authorities intends to switch to mechanical intervention workss to recycle the waste, and to do usage of private sector in recycling. He gives the illustrations of the successful undertakings of gum elastic pulverization and runing Fe produced from used auto tyres which were utile for the environment. Fecal matters of herds are now being collected and used to bring forth natural fertilisers. Fish oil and pulverization are being produced in particular mills and used as fresh fish and fertilisers. The leftovers of slaughter houses particularly the tegument is being used to fabricate leather. A closer survey of the waste direction of Al Amerat Municipality as a theoretical account will be covered in chapter†¦ .. 2.8. Waste direction in Palestine Populating in a state that suffers from war, Palestinian people faced a batch of troubles in pull offing the solid waste produced by mostly populated countries, which otherwise and under ordinary fortunes, constitutes a serious job to a big figure of states in the universe. Based on a study written by Salah EL Borno, Director of the Council for Solid waste direction, it could be said that the bad patterns with the absence of statute law and review mechanisms in many countries resulted in insufficient and inconsistent aggregation services. Waste was on occasion dumped in unfastened countries, farms and vales or in some non-hygienic topographic points, which represented a possible danger to the public wellness and the environment, particularly to the land H2O resources. How to cite Waste defined as unwanted matter, Essay examples

The Role the Uppsala Model-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Uppsala Model of the Internationalization of the firms. Answer: Introduction: The report gives an overview of the Uppsala Model of Firm Internationalization. In order to do this, the report discusses about initial proposal of the Uppsala Model. There is also mention about how it helps in explaining the internationalization process with the help of four stages. The report also gives us an overview of the two versions of the Uppsala Model, where the older version focuses on the uncertainty level of the market whereas the newer version focuses on relationships and networks. The report in order to explain the internationalization process puts forward the state side variables according to both the versions, There is also mention of the change side variables based on both the versions. The report also discusses about the network perspective of the new Uppsala Model. Further, the report also takes examples to explain the extent to which the Uppsala Model contributes in explaining the internationalization process. Uppsala Model of Firm Internationalization The first proposal of Internationalization of an individual firm on an incremental basis made by the researchers of Uppsala University of Sweden and considered as the Uppsala Model of firm Internationalization. The Uppsala Model depends on incremental decisions, the successive steps of which depend on learning and acquisition of knowledge on the foreign market and operation (Vahlne and Johanson 2013). The Uppsala Model of Firm internationalization process has four stages that explain the impact of the current environment of the firm on the perception effect of learning and opportunity. The four stages includes export activities not undertaken regularly, export through independent representatives, sales subsidiary and manufacturing or production. Most authors consider the model dynamic since the result of a single process serves as the input for the processes of the next step that will provide input for the upcoming process and the process continues. However, the circular relationship that exists between the concepts makes a statement that the process does not indicate a beginning or end. Thus, the Uppsala Model ensures in making a distinction between the state and change variables where each of them identified to have two aspects. There are however two versions of the Uppsala Model, one is the older version and the other is the newer version. The old Model focuses on specific firms and the activities it has in the foreign market and the level of uncertainty in the market, the new model puts more focus on networks and relationships (Shane 2012). Figure: The Internationalization Process Model Source: (Johanson and Mattsson 2015) The State Side: The state variables in the original model refer to the aspects that have a fixed nature on a temporary basis that refers to the present position or situation. However, since the process of internationalization take place within the network of the firm therefore, the current position of the network forms an important aspect. Based on the previous version of the model, this aspect only referred to market commitment (Costa e Silva et.al 2012). However, the updated model put forward an argument that market commitment was a narrower concept so the model made an inclusion of the current relations of the firm. These relations characterized by commitment, trust and level of knowledge. Thus, within this position, the firm can not only seize opportunities of the market but also develop knowledge. The second aspect of the state variables focuses on the opportunities and knowledge. Knowledge refers to the present knowledge on the foreign market within the firm. However, this knowledge is critical for recognizing opportunities (Zhu, Wittmann and Peng 2012). However, according to the present Uppsala Model a firm is able to recognize the opportunities that lie outside the boundaries in the context of network. Thus, the knowledge of internal capabilities is important as resource knowledge within the entire network. The Change Side: The change variables in the original model refer to the aspects of the change that included current as well as committed decisions. The term relationship added to commitment decision for clarification of the firms decision on further commitment of relationships within the specific country. However, the updated model has replaced the current activities through trust building, creation and learning. The model considers the current activities as important but more focus is on the outcome of current activities (Figueira de Lemos 2013). However, experiential learning has been part of both the versions of the model though there have been additions on the various learning processes on the newer version. This remains as the most important form of learning. Trust building finds an importance in the newer version with the addition of the network view. Thus, there should be a presence of mutual trust for network or relations to be rewarding. This implies every aspect of internationalization pro cess remains interlinked. An international firm gathers knowledge based on its current network position. On the other hand, the firms ability in perceiving opportunities depending on which relationship commitment decisions made depends on the entire amount of knowledge. The decisions taken again leads to the trust building, creation and learning of the firm that will enable the firm in forming a newer position with the passage of time. Thus, the cycle of events and actions leads to the understanding of the internationalization process of the Uppsala Model thereby starting with high uncertainty and low commitment that increases on an incremental basis with the increase of knowledge. The Network Theory within the Uppsala Model The perspective of Network added to the original version of Uppsala Model because of increasing globalization, communication and new information technologies. However, the entry mode and the choice of country depend on the position and network of the firm (Teece 2012). According to the updated version of the model, business environment referred as an international network of relations because of the fact that the boundaries between markers and firms remained vague in the last decades. There has been instances when companies become a part of various networks and is linked in various ways that either differ in closeness and complexity compared to other firms. Thus, for ensuring success in the overseas market it is very necessary for the firms to form a strong network. Therefore, the relations of a firm created through social engagements with other existing firms where the concerned firm gets involved through sequential and interactive development. Thus, with the evolution of the relati on the firm is able to not only accumulate knowledge but also trust. Thus, through participation in networks firms are not only expanding their knowledge but also reducing uncertainty. The older version of the Uppsala Model, commitment and uncertainty are the two determining factors that defines the risk level associated with market entry which is also the fundamental aspect of the newer version. However, uncertainty defines the lack of knowledge of the firm about the present market and commitment reflects the resources invested by the firm in the foreign market (Hilmersson and Jansson 2013). The firm is not only risking but also loosing these resources through investment and operation of such an uncertain market. Thus, through changing the level of commitment and market knowledge a firm can have an impact on its risk level. Therefore, the relationship between the factors determined by the following formula: R= U x CR where, R represents total associated risk, U represents uncertainty faced and C represents commitment. In the early version of Uppsala Model for internationalization of firm, uncertainty depends on psychic and physical distance between the foreign and the home market. The physical distance however refers to the distance in geographic terms between both the markets while psychic distance refers to the all the factors responsible for prevention of information flow from and to the foreign market (Hutzschenreuter, Kleindienst and Lange 2014). These factors include education, language, culture and industrial development. However, with the introduction of the network perspective into the model, the focus on psychic factors reduced and the importance of being a part of the knowledge accumulation network increased. Explanation to what Extent Uppsala Model Helps in Understanding Internationalization Process of Firms The expansion or internationalization of a firm according to the Uppsala Model depends on the psychic distance that determines the entry to the foreign market that is not only familiar but also closer to host country (Devinney 2013). The psychic distance however depends on factors that include language, education, culture, business practice and industrial development. Thus, the spread of international operations geographically depends on the cultural proximity and geography of the foreign countries. However, in terms of modes of entry, the incremental expansion for market commitment defined by the initial entry in a foreign market through a commitment mode that is followed by higher levels of commitment in the market. On a similar basis commitment based on the level of ownership correlates with psychic distance where entry mode involves low ownership in the market with greater psychic distance from the home country (Johanson and Mattsson 2015). The Uppsala Model of firm internationalization has substantial attention and appeal because of its largely intuitive nature, simplicity and evolutionary learning perspective that leads to an attractive framework. Thus, in order to explain the extent of Uppsala Model in the internationalization process of firms, multinationals from textile or electronics industry selected (Jiang et.al 2012). Three firms examined each from textile and electronic industry in Taiwan. These firms started as suppliers then transformed into original manufacturers of equipments and finally ventured into the manufacturing activities in the home country. In case of the Taiwanese firms chose the global market of China because of lower psychic distance considerations. However, in the global market most of the firms acted as original equipment suppliers and continued to expand in the overseas market that supported the investment pattern put forward by the Uppsala Model (Pierce and Aguinis 2013). Thus, the Uppsala Model helped in the identification of two unique decisions, the first being the choice of country and second being the way of entry in addition to considering how the choices gets determined through psychic distance (Kolstad and Wiig 2012.). While discussing internationalization in the perspective of Uppsala Model, the focus was mainly on how the firms started its manufacturing across the borders. However, traditional business practice enabled the firms in utilizing the sister concern for undertaking the manufacturing facilities abroad before the establishment of the facilities for their own manufacturing (Poulis, Poulis and Plakoyiannaki 2013). This kind of joint ventures were a part of the predictions of the Uppsala Model. There were instances when firms neither went through all the stages nor the safest mode of entry ensured did they ensure the safest entry modes when psychic distance remained high. Thus, the firm that leapfrogged stages experienced international ization. In the context of Uppsala Model for internationalization, if one of the textile firms of Taiwan started finishing and dyeing firm for the customers then it would have to make an investment that enhanced its capacity (Mura and Gaparkov 2014). As per the upgraded model, if the textile firm instead of investing in capacity invested in network building with the established suppliers that had excess capacity. This helped the Taiwanese company in better internationalization with the help of the network perspective of the Uppsala Model (Kuivalainen et. al 2012). Conclusion: The report by explaining the role the Uppsala Model plays in the internationalization process of firms. In doing so, an example of a textile industry in Taiwan is drawn. Thus, based on the Uppsala Model the internationalization decision examined in two parts, the first is the choice of the market and the second refers to the mode of entry. However, observation from the discussion is that the country choice and the mode of entry get determined with the help of psychic distance. Thus, internationalization of firms according to the Uppsala Model passes through different investment stages that begins with export and ends with owning manufacturing subsidiaries in countries. A firms entry into another country for manufacturing is examined and anticipation was made that the choice of the country would be determined by psychic distance and networking. The report also gives a descriptive analysis of the Uppsala Model of Internationalization based on the four stages. In addition, there has bee n a mention of two version of the Uppsala Model that accordingly explains that state side and change side variables respectively References: Costa e Silva, S., Pacheco, E., Meneses, R. and Brito, C., 2012. The importance of second-hand knowledge in the revised Uppsala model: can European textiles producers export to China?.Journal of Global Marketing,25(3), pp.141-160. Devinney, T.M., 2013. Is microfoundational thinking critical to management thought and practice?.The Academy of Management Perspectives,27(2), pp.81-84. Figueira de Lemos, F., 2013.A political view on the internationalization process(Doctoral dissertation, Uppsala universitet). Hilmersson, M. and Jansson, H., 2013, May. Reducing uncertainty in the emerging market entry process: on the relationship among international experiential knowledge, institutional distance, and uncertainty. American Marketing Association. Hutzschenreuter, T., Kleindienst, I. and Lange, S., 2014. Added psychic distance stimuli and MNE performance: Performance effects of added cultural, governance, geographic, and economic distance in MNEs' international expansion.Journal of International Management,20(1), pp.38-54. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. Johanson, J. and Mattsson, L.G., 2015. Internationalisation in industrial systemsa network approach. InKnowledge, Networks and Power(pp. 111-132). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Kolstad, I. and Wiig, A., 2012. What determines Chinese outward FDI?.Journal of World Business,47(1), pp.26-34. Kuivalainen, O., Sundqvist, S., Saarenketo, S. and McNaughton, R., 2012. Internationalization patterns of small and medium-sized enterprises.International Marketing Review,29(5), pp.448-465 Mura, L. and Gaparkov, V., 2014. Penetration of small and medium sized food companies on foreign markets.Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,58(3), pp.157-164. Pierce, J.R. and Aguinis, H., 2013. The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management.Journal of Management,39(2), pp.313-338. Poulis, K., Poulis, E. and Plakoyiannaki, E., 2013. The role of context in case study selection: An international business perspective.International Business Review,22(1), pp.304-314. Shane, S., 2012. Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade award: Delivering on the promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research.Academy of Management Review,37(1), pp.10-20. Teece, D.J., 2012. Dynamic capabilities: Routines versus entrepreneurial action.Journal of Management Studies,49(8), pp.1395-1401. Vahlne, J.E. and Johanson, J., 2013. The Uppsala model on evolution of the multinational business enterprisefrom internalization to coordination of networks.International Marketing Review,30(3), pp.189-210. Zhu, Y., Wittmann, X. and Peng, M.W., 2012. Institution-based barriers to innovation in SMEs in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,29(4), pp.1131-1142.

Killer Essay Example For Students

Killer Essay Daniel WheatPer.3 1/09/02Chris WilderChris Wilder was born March 13, 1945. At two years old he nearly drowned in a swimming pool, at three he suffered convulsions and had to be resuscitated. His criminal history began in his teen years. At 17, Wilder and a group of friends were charged with gang-raping a girl on the beach in Australia. He was sentenced two years probation and mandatory counseling after pleading guilty. The program included group therapy and electroshock treatments. In November 1969, he used nude photographs to extort sex from an Australian student nurse. In March 1971, at Pompano Beach, Wilder was picked up on a charge of soliciting women to pose for nude photos; he entered a plea of guilty to disturbing the peace and escaped with a small fine. Six years later, in October 1977, he coerced a female high school student into oral sex, threatening to beat her if she refused, and he was jailed a second time. Wilder admitted the crime to his therapist, but confidential interviews are inadmissible in court, and he was later acquitted. On June 21, 1980, he lured a teenaged girl into his car with promises of a modeling job, then drove her to a rural area where she was raped. A guilty plea to charges of attempted sexual battery earned him five years probation, with further therapy ordered by the court. Wilder was accused of kidnapping two 15-year-old girls from a beach in New South Wales on December 28, 1982, forcing them to pose for pornographic snapsho ts. Traced through the license number of his rented car, Wilder was arrested on December 29, charged with kidnapping and indecent assault. Wilder was scheduled to appear in court for a hearing on April 3, 1984. He never made it. On February 6, Rosario Gonzalez, 20, disappeared from her job at the Miami Grand Prix. Chris Wilder was driving as a contestant that day, and witnesses recall her leaving with a man who fit Wilders description. Her body has never been found. On March 4, 23-year-old Elizabeth Kenyon vanished after work from the school where she taught in Coral Gables. She was seen that afternoon, with Wilder, at a local gas station, and his name was found in her address book. Kenyons parents remembered her speaking of Wilder as a real gentleman, unlike the various photographers who asked if she would model in the nude. . On March 19, Terry Ferguson, 21, disappeared from a local shopping mall where witnesses remembered seeing Wilder. Her body was recovered four days later, from a Polk County canal. On March 20, Wilder abducted a university co-ed from a shopping mall in Tallahassee, driving her across the state line to Bainbridge, Georgia. There, in a cheap motel, she was raped repeatedly and tortured w ith electric shocks, her eyelids smeared with super glue. Terry Walden, 24, informed her husband on March 21 that a bearded man had approached her between classes at the local university, soliciting her for a modeling job. She thanked him and declined the offer, but the conversation struck a chord of memory when Terry disappeared March 23. Her body, torn by multiple stab wounds, was recovered from a canal three days later. On March 25, 21-year-old Suzanne Logan disappeared from a shopping mall in Oklahoma City. Her body was found the next day, floating in Milford Reservoir, near Manhattan, Kansas. Raped and stabbed, the victim had apparently been tortured prior to death. Sheryl Bonaventura was the next to die, abducted from a shopping mall in Grand Junction, Colorado, on March 29. On April 1, 17-year-old Michelle Korfman vanished from a fashion show at the Meadows Mall, in Las Vegas, Nevada. April 4, 1984 he abducted 16-year-old Tina Marie Risico in Torrance, California, raping her that night and through successive evenings as they stayed in various motels, working their way eastward. Subjected to threats and abuse, living continually in the shadow of death, Risico agreed to help Wilder find other victims as he continued his long flight to nowhere. On April 10, Dawnette Wilt was lured away from a shopping mall in Merrillville, Indiana, raped and tortured through the course of that day and the next. Wilder tried to murder her on April 12, stabbing Dawnette and leaving her for dead outside Rochester, New York, but she managed to survive and staggered to the nearest highway, where a passing motorist discovered her and drove her to a hospital. Wilders final victim was Beth Dodge, abducted near Victor, New York, on April 12 and shot to death in a nearby gravel pit. Following the murder, Wilder drove his teenage captive to Bostons Logan Airport, purchasing a one-way ticket to Los Angeles and seeing her off at the gate. Spotted by the police at a local gas station, J ellison leaped on the fugitives back, struggling for the .357 magnum, and two shots rang out. The first passed through Wilder and pierced Jellisons chest, lodging in his liver; the second snuffed out Wilders life, resulting in what a coroner termed cardiac obliteration. case. Sheryl Bonaventuras body was recovered in Utah, on May 3, the victim of a point-blank gunshot wound. Michelle Korfman was found in the Angeles National Forest on May 11, but another month would pass before she was identified, her familys fears confirmed. A pair of girls, aged ten and twelve, identified his mug shot as the likeness of a man who snatched them from a park in Boynton Beach, in June of 1983, and forced them to fellate him in the nearby woods. His name was likewise linked with other deaths and disappearances across two decades, in Australia and America. In 1965, Marianne Schmidt and Christine Sharrock accompanied a young man matching Wilders description into the beachfront dunes near Sydney; strangle d, raped and stabbed, their bodies were discovered in a shallow grave, but no one has been charged to date. In 1981, teenagers Mary Hare and Mary Optiz were abducted from a mall in Lee County, Florida; Hare was later found, stabbed to death, while Optiz remains among the missing. During 1982, the skeletal remains of unidentified women were unearthed on two separate occasions near property owned by Wilder, in Loxahatchee; one victim had been dead for several years, the other for a period of months. Tammi Leppert, teenaged model, kidnapped from her job at a convenience store on Merritt Island, July 6, 1983. Melody Gay, 19, abducted on the graveyard shift of an all-night store in Collier County, Florida, on March 7, 1984, her body pulled from a rural canal three days later. Colleen Osborne, 15, missing from the bedroom of her home in Daytona Beach, March 15, 1984. Chris Wilder was seen in Daytona that day, propositioning models.Chris Wilder has been linked to at least: five kidnappings , three rapes (where the women were able to escape, 14 murders, and one attempted murder. He had no apparent MO but most of the women were found in canals. .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e , .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .postImageUrl , .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e , .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:hover , .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:visited , .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:active { border:0!important; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:active , .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud73cd2336dd4a719a85cbc732b62378e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Importance Of Listening And Nonverbal Communication Essay(no bibliography needed)Words/ Pages : 1,167 / 24